مجله مطالعات علوم پزشکی
سال بیست و یکم شماره 1 (بهار 1389)

The chemical victims exposed by traumatic events may suffer post trauma stress disorder (PTSD). The present study aims to evaluate PTSD prevalence and severity among Sardasht chemical warfare victims two decades after exposure in Iraq-Iran war. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 chemical warfare victims of Sardasht city were compared in self-reported post trauma stress disorder (PTSD) signs prevalence with 156 ordinary people as control group. PTSD was assessed by applying Mississippi and PCL questionnaires in both groups. The prevalence and severity of PTSD in chemical warfare victims were sensibly more than the control group. (P < 0.05) Morbidity percentage, having job or not, graduate degree and the number of children were not meaningful correlation with rate of PTSD (p > 0.05). high prevalence of PTSD in chemical warfare victims is show that psychological and psychiatric services were necessary for them.

Received: 21 April, 2009; Accepted: 21 Oct, 2009 Abstract Proteinuria is one of the fundamental criteria for diagnosis of pre-eclampsia with quantative assessment based on twenty-four-hour urine protein estimation as the gold standard. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between four and twenty-four-hour urine total protein values to confirm the diagnosis of proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The study population included 100 patients with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The patient's urine was collected over twenty four hours; with the first four hours, next twenty hours in separate containers. The urine volume, total protein and creatinine levels were measured in the 4 and 24 hour samples. The 4-hour results were compared to the 24-hour results using simple regression analysis. From 100 patients, 42 had no proteinuria, 44 had mild proteinuria, and 14 with sever proteinuria. The protein value of four-hour sample correlated with those of the twenty four-hour sample for patients with mild and sever disease (P<0.001, r=0.86). This study showed there is a correlation between four-hour urine protein and twenty four-hour urine protein and we can substitute the results of the first test for the latter one.

Atherosclerosis is the main reason of cardiovascular diseases, and risk factors incorporated in atherosclerosis involvement include infections like Helicobacter pylori. In the current study the incidence of contamination to Helicobacter pylori, atherosclerosis causing factors, and the effect of these factors on the serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins are studied. Along with determination of H. pylori infection, serum level of triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, vLDL-C and cholesterol/HDL-C ratio were also identified in 100 patients with cardiovascular atherosclerosis and 89 healthy people as the control group. Sera of 68% of patients and 49.5% of control group were positive for H. pylori infection (P<0.05). The results showed no significant difference relating to age in males and females and in control groups. Body mass index (BMI) also didn’t differ in the patients and control groups (P>0.05). There was a significant difference in serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins between the patients and the control groups (P<0.05). The results of this study after measurement of H. pylori specific IgG level showed that there was a significant difference in the H. pylori infection rate between the cardiovascular atherosclerosis patients with and without gastric disease (P<0. 05). The results of this study showed that among incorporating factors, seroprevalence of H. pylori specific IgG was higher in patients with gastric disease history than that in the control group, indicating that gastric diseases could incorporate in atherum creation and eventually cardiovascular disorders. Regarding to incoherent results of various studies, there is a necessity to determine the effects of H. pylori on cardiovascular disorders involvement risk. To find the real relationship between H. pylori infection and cardiovascular disease risk factors may be an important challenge to diminish cardiovascular disease involvement rate.

Abstract Hexamethylene diisocyanate is an aliphatic isocyanate and car painters are exposed to it. One of the most important disorders is occupational asthma. The aim of this study was to survey the effect of 1, 6 hexamethylene diisocyanate on the peak expiratory flow test to car painters in Isfahan. In this descriptive and a cross-sectional study the forty three car painters were included. The sample were extracted and analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography. Peak expiratory flow test was carried out within a period of one week of working shift. The averages of daily and weekly exposure of workers to Hexamethylene diisocyanate concentration were. 0.42±0.1 and 0.13±0.05mg/m3, respectively The average of variation percent of peak expiratory flow of workers on painting day were 11.2 % ±1.8 % and the change average of peak expiratory flow of worker on the post day painting were 7.9 %±1.9. 72%. 72% of the painters had a variation more than 10% of the peak expiratory flow on painting day. All inhalation exposure was 10% more than the threshold standard limits value (tenfold of TLV)

Received: 7 July, 2009; Accepted: 4 Oct, 2009 Abstract Psychodrama is a form of human development which explores, through dramatic action, the problems, issues, concerns, dreams and highest aspirations of people, groups, systems and organizations. It is mostly used as a group work method. This research was to study the effectiveness of psychodrama group therapy on increasing the individual self-differentiation from the family of origin on female nursing students. The samples consisted of twenty female university students being divided into an experimental and a control group through cluster sampling. The experimental group was treated with twelve psychodrama group sessions (1.5 hour per session); the control group received no treatment. Related data were gathered using a questioner and then were analyzed by descriptive statistics and T-test. Psychodrama group therapy increased students’ overall scale and four subscales of the questionnaire. It enhanced participant's emotional responsiveness and helped to discover the true self avoiding emotional triggering. Psychodrama group therapy was effective on increasing self-differentiation of nursing students.

Self expression is a structured intervention method that is used for promotion of social relationship effectiveness. This aspect of interpersonal relationship can be created or promoted. Training self expression shows the art of deep relation with others in order to deal with life and business world better and be more self dominated. The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of training self expression on self esteem and firmness of secondary level students. This semi experimental study was carried out on 50 students of two classes; they were divided into two groups. First, the data of the demographic characteristics, self esteem and firmness of the study were gathered by a researcher through a questionnaire. Next both groups were trained how to express themselves. The second phase of the study was done one week after the last session of self- esteem education and then a retest was carried out. The study findings revealed that there was a significant difference between the mean score of the self-esteem and firmness of the samples before and after the education. The statistical paired T test showed the promotion of self-esteem and firmness of both groups post educationally (p=0.000). Self-esteem education results in increasing self- esteem and firmness of students.

Received: 3 April, 2009; Accepted: 5 Oct, 2009 Abstract Nowadays, different medical approaches are used for the treatment of cancers, but in most cases they are not effective or have serious side-effects. This has prompted scientists to look for more effective drugs with less toxicity. This study was to evaluate the cell cytotoxicity effect of fractions isolated from Pleurotus florida on cancer cell lines. R5, F5, R10, R30 and R100 fractions were isolated from Pleurotus florida body extract. The growth inhibitory activity of these fractions was determined for different cancer cell lines using colorimetric MTT assay. Results showed that isolated fractions showed significant inhibitory activity for cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Some of the fractions such as R100 and R30 exhibited more inhibitory activity against HT-29. Among the tested cell lines, HT-29 was very sensitive to these fractions. Isolated fractions particularly R100 fraction from Pleurotus florida body extract showed cytotoxic effect on cancer cell lines. So, they could be studied as anti-cancer agents in tumor-bearing animal models and subsequently in clinical trials for cancer patients. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which R100 fraction act.

Received: 17 April, 2009; Accepted: 18 Nov, 2009 Abstract: Rheumatoid Arthritis is an inflammatory disease. The cause is yet unknown. It is possible that in causing the disease immunological responses be involved. The aim of this study was to compare CD29+T lymphocytes and NK cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy people. In this study twenty five patients being affected with rheumatoid arthritis (examined group) and twenty five healthy people (control group) were examined. Peripheral blood samples were taken from both groups, after lysing of red cells, labeled with antibodies against T lymphocyte (CD3), very late activation antigen (CD29), and NK cell (CD56). Then percentage of the cells was assessed by flow cytometry technique. The data from two groups were compared and analyzed by T-test. There was a significant difference among the average population of CD29+ and NK cells in examined and control groups (p <0.5). The numbers of CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD29+ T lymphocytes in control and examined groups were not significantly different. It seems that increase and activation of CD29+ lymphocytes and NK cells affect the process of the disease and its intensity in cartilage damage and bone erosions, probability via the production of inflammatory cytokines.Further studies are required to clarify the role of T and NK cells with clinical manifestations and severity of disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Received: 9 June, 2009; Accepted: 21 Oct, 2009 Abstract Considering the limits of accessing to safe and appropriate donor sites for nerves graft, risk of neuroma, and fibrous tissue formation, it is necessity to study on finding appropriate alternatives for successful nerve regeneration. After injuring of sciatic nerve, rats were divided into 6 groups as follows: testectomy without testosterone injection; testectomy with testosterone injection; without testectomy with testosterone injection; control (injury and regeneration of nerve plus normal saline injection), Sham surgery and normal. All the animals were studied 7, 21, 35, 60 and 90 days after the surgery by sensory and motor tests or (Sciatic functional index) SFI and at the end of the 12th week they were restudied by light microscope. The response delay mean to a painful stimulation in group one was significantly lower than groups three and four. There was no significant differences between the experimental groups in SFI mean by the end of the fourth week after regeneration. The mean difference of SFI from the fourth week to end of the twelfth week was significant in the first group than the second and third group. The total number of myelin axons of the first group at the end of the twelfth week was significantly different from the second and third groups and myelin thickness of first group was notably different from the third group. Testosterone injection can be useful during regeneration period in order to enhance wound healing and peripheral nerves injuries, particularly in patients with sexual disorders.

Received: 14 April, 2009; Accepted: 21 Oct, 2009 Abstract Antimicrobial resistance among bacterial pathogens is a worldwide problem. The selection of initial treatment is made on an empiric basis and susceptibility testing is important to modify empirical therapy, especially for treatment of common bacterial pathogens. The aim of the present study was to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of gram negative pathogens found in urine cultures. The study samples were all urine specimens submitted for culture in central laboratory of Imam Reza Hospital during a 12-month period during 2006-2007. All of the specimens were cultured on MacConky agar, blood agar and differential media for gram negative bacteria. After diagnosis and isolation of gram negative bacteria, proper inoculum was used for susceptibility testing. Susceptibility testing was done by disk diffusion test (Kirby-Bauer method) and interpreted according to NCCLS recommendation. Of 10492 cultured urine samples, 1815 (17.29%) specimens had positive results, 1239(68.2%) cases were positive for gram negative bacteria and the most common pathogen was E.coli (66.3%). Antibiotic susceptibility results revealed that gram negative bacterial have the greatest susceptibility to imipenem (67.9%). The E.coli antibiogram profile showed the greatest resistance to ampicillin (91.6%) and cotrimoxazole (61.3%). Pseudomonas Sp. was an exception that resisted to all antibiotics except for imipenem (100%) and ciprofloxacin(69%). According to the results, it is apparent that an antimicrobial susceptibility test of bacteria differs by geographic region; therefore, in order to confirm a diagnosis, Antibiotic resistance patterns of a community and empirical therapy must be considered.

Received: 19 July, 2009; Accepted: 21 Oct, 2009 Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 12-week selective aerobic exercise trial in water on bone density in obese postmenopausal women. Twenty obese post menopausal women volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly divided into an experimental group (age: 50±3. 87, height: 150±7. 06, weight: 80±2. 05 and BMI: 30+3. 51) and a control group (age: 50±3. 83, height: 150±7. 61, weight: 80±2. 75 and BMI: 30±3. 37). The experimental group performed selective aerobic training in water for 3 months: the first month 3sessions/wk, the second month 4 sessions/wk and the last month 5 sessions/wk. Each session lasted 90 minutes with HRmax intensity of 65ـ75%. The control group did not participate in any physical activity program during the study period. Bone density of lumbar spine and femur was measured in both groups before and after exercise training period by densitometry method. Calcium and phosphorus was measured too. The data were analyzed with paired and independent samples Tـtest. There was a significant increase in femoral bone density in the experimental group compared with the control group at the end of the study (P<0. 05). In the experimental group the lumbar spine bone density was increased moderately but not significantly (P<0. 05). On the other hand, calcium and phosphorus levels were not significantly different between the two groups in end of study period. It is indicated that one period of selective aerobic exercise trial in water enhances femoral and lumbar spine bone density in obese postmenopausal women.